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Analysis of the gamma spectra of the uranium, actinium, and thorium

@article{osti_5901684, title = {Analysis of the gamma spectra of the uranium, actinium, and thorium decay series}, author = {Momeni, M H}, abstractNote = {This report describes the identification of radionuclides in the uranium, actinium, and thorium series by analysis of gamma spectra in the energy range of 40 to 1400 keV. Energies and absolute …

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Uranium and thorium | Geoscience Australia

Uranium and thorium are common elements in the Earth's crust. They can be found in low concentrations almost everywhere in rock, soil, rivers, and oceans. The Australian continent, through its geological heritage, is …

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Uranium Location Database Compilation

NRC has defined in 10 CFR 40.4 "source materials" as 1) uranium or thorium, or any combination thereof, in any physical or chemical form or (2) ores which contain by weight one-twentieth of one percent (0.05%) or more of: (i) uranium, (ii) thorium or (iii) any combination thereof. Source material does not include special nuclear material.

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Thorium, uranium and potassium in some sandstones

The average and nearly uniform values found in orthoquartzitic, clay-free sands were potassium (as metal) 0-64 0'04 per cent; thorium 1-7 -^ O'l p.p.m.; and uranium 0-45 0-05 p.p.m., giving a Th/U ratio of 3-8 0-8. The Th/U ratio found is very near to that of average igneous rocks and may represent an independent determination of the average ...

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The Thing About Thorium: Why The Better Nuclear …

With uranium and thorium, the key similarity is that both can absorb neutrons and transmute into fissile elements. ... The Uranium Reactor. The typical nuclear-fuel cycle starts with refined ...

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Thorium and Uranium – Energy From Thorium

Thorium and uranium are the two natural-occurring elements on Earth that can release nuclear energy through fission. Thorium is about three times more common than …

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16 Big Thorium Reactor Pros and Cons – Vittana

List of the Pros of a Thorium Reactor. 1. It eliminates the threat of nuclear weapons. Although a standard thorium reactor is fueled uranium-233 isotope, there is no need for uranium enrichment with this technology. That means the malicious step to modify energy fuel into a nuclear weapon goes away with this technology.

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Thorium and Uranium – Comparison – Properties

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of thorium and uranium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains basic descriptions and applications of both …

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Some observations on the uranium and thorium

The average uranium and thorium concentrations in the seventy two zircons under consideration are 1330 and 630 ppm, respectively. Because of the presence of positive skewness in the uranium and thorium distributions, the above average values are distinctly greater than the estimated most frequent (modal) concentra- tions (Figs. 3 and …

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Uranium Supplies: Supply of Uranium

Table 1: Typical natural uranium concentrations. Very high-grade ore (Canada) – 20% U: 200,000 ppm U: High-grade ore – 2% U: 20,000 ppm U: Low-grade ore – 0.1% U: 1000 ppm U: ... Thorium as a nuclear fuel. Today uranium is the only fuel supplied for nuclear reactors. However, thorium can also be utilised as a fuel for CANDU reactors or in ...

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Occurrence of uranium, thorium and rare earth elements in the

Uranium, thorium, and rare earth elements (REEs) are important strategic elements in today's world with a range of applications in high and green technology and power generation. ... bottom and fly ashes from five coal-fired power plants were found to be enriched in REEs and yttrium, with average concentrations of 658 ± 296 mg kg −1 and ...

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Minerals | Free Full-Text | Uranium and Thorium Resources of Estonia …

The average uranium contents in graptolite argillite sections in this area vary between 42 to 60 ppm, with the highest values of 300–450 ppm in some sub-layers. If taking an average of 50 ppm uranium in the waste dump, the total uranium content can be as high as 3650 tons. There are only a few thorium analyses in the area ranging from 5 to …

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Uranium and Thorium | Australia's Energy Commodity Resources …

Uranium and thorium are naturally occurring elements that are widespread in the Earth's crust. Mining occurs in locations where such elements are naturally concentrated. ... Australia's average annual export volume of uranium for the last 10 years is approximately 6,048 tonnes (tU). However, this will drop by approximately 1,900 tU p.a. (30 ...

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Thorium Reactors: An Improvement Over Uranium?

Conclusion. Thorium has its share of risks as a nuclear fuel, and it isn't obvious that it would be a significant improvement over uranium in terms of safety, proliferation prevention, or cost. If an easy-to-switch-off accelerator is used to supply neutrons, and a molten salt reactor is used, then some (though not all) of the main failure modes ...

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Gamma ray logs

Table 1 lists some of the common rock types and their typical content of potassium, uranium, and thorium. Potassium is an abundant element, so the radioactive K 40 is widely distributed (Table 2). Potassium, feldspars and micas are common components in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Immature sandstones can retain an abundance of …

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Uranium and Thorium Nuclear Power Plants

Disadvantages of Thorium 233 over Uranium 235. 1. Thorium is non-fissile on its own; it needs a kick-start from Uranium 235, to start a chain reaction, raising the radioactivity of the waste. 2. Although thorium produces much less long lived transuranics; some long life actinides are produced. 3.

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Depleted Uranium | IAEA

Uranium (chemical symbol U) is a naturally occurring radioactive element. In its pure form it is a silver-coloured heavy metal, similar to lead, cadmium and tungsten. Like tungsten it is very dense, about 19 grams per cubic centimetre, 70% more dense than lead. It is so dense a small 10-centimetre cube would weigh 20 kilograms. The International Atomic Energy …

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CHAPTER 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE

The average population-weighted concentrations of 232 Th 230and Th in United States community water supplies derived both from surface and groundwater were <0.01 and <0.04 pCi/L, respectively (Cothern 1987; Cothern et al. 1986). The ... uranium, thorium, tin, and phosphate mining, milling, and processing industries, and gas mantle ...

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Uranium and Thorium Geology | Geoscience Australia

Uranium and Thorium Geology Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive element which is found in the Earth mainly in oxides, silicates, carbonates and phosphates. ... Analyses of fluorapatite grains …

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Uranium

Naturally occurring uranium consists of 99% uranium-238 and 1% uranium-235. Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissionable fuel (a fuel that can sustain a chain reaction). Uranium fuel used in nuclear reactors is enriched with uranium-235. The chain reaction is carefully controlled using neutron-absorbing materials.

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Thorium's Long-Term Potential in Nuclear Energy: New …

According to estimates, the Earth's upper crust contains an average of 10.5 parts per million (ppm) of thorium, compared with about 3 ppm of uranium. "Because of …

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Thorium

Thorium (Th-232) is not itself fissile and so is not directly usable in a thermal neutron reactor. However, it is 'fertile' and upon absorbing a neutron will transmute to uranium-233 (U-233)a, which is an excellent fissile fuel materialb. In this regard it is similar to uranium-238 (which transmutes to plutonium-239). All …

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GROUNDWATER INFORMATION SHEET Radionuclides

Uranium Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element in rocks, soil, water, plants, animals and humans. There are three main isotopes of uranium (U-234, U-235, and U-238). U-238 is a weakly radioactive metal, and contributes to low-level background radiation in the environment. U-238 has a very long half-life of 4.47 billion years.

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In-situ assessment of natural terrestrial-radioactivity from Uranium

However, comparing the average value with the world average of 420 Bqkg −1, the values were far below the recommended limit. Also, the three primordial radionuclides were compared; the results showed that Uranium-238 (238 U) and Thorium-232 (232 Th) are less in comparison with the Potassium-40 (40 K).

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Uranium

Because uranium is primarily an alpha-emitter, its radioactivity only really becomes a problem if it gets inside the body, where it can accumulate in the kidneys, causing …

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Mineral Sands: NORM Appendix

This in turn typically contains 5-7% of radioactive thorium and 0.1-0.3% of uranium, which is barely radioactive. However, if decay products of either are present in the minerals, the …

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Radionuclide Basics: Thorium | US EPA

Radionuclide Basics: Thorium. Thorium (chemical symbol Th) is a naturally occurring radioactive metal found at trace levels in soil, rocks, water, plants and …

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Natural and Man-Made Radiation Sources

of uranium, thorium, and their decay products are found everywhere. Some of these materials are ingested with food and water, while others, such as radon, are inhaled. The dose from terrestrial sources also varies in different parts of the world. Locati ons with higher concentrations of uranium and thorium in their soil have higher dose levels.

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OR/17/001 The distribution of natural radioactivity in rocks

Like uranium, thorium is a relatively rare element, with an average abundance in the Earth's crust in the range of 6–10 ppm, and more abundant than uranium with an average crustal Th:U ratio of about 3:1 (Adams and Weaver, 1958; Wedepohl, 1978a; Basham and Kemp, 1993; Hazen et al., 2009).

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Thorium fuel cycle — Potential benefits and challenges

average rate of growth of world nuclear capacity is expected to be in the range of 0.9% up to the year 2025 by which time the total installed nuclear power would be some 438 GW(e). Thorium is 3 to 4 times more abundant than uranium and is widely distributed in nature as an easily exploitable resource in many countries.

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